Mistletoe Ranges are Changing; so are Recommendations on What to do About It

Southwest Yard and Garden

By Dr. Marisa Thompson 

SEE HIGHLIGHTED SECTION BELOW FOR UPDATE FROM March 2024!

 

A broadleaf mistletoe infects a young ash tree in two different parts of the same canopy on Indian School Road in Albuquerque. The smaller sprout (right) is tiny, but the swollen branch is a likely sign that the infection is deeper than it looks and may be permeating throughout the entire trunk. Photo credits M. Thompson.

Question: There’s mixed advice out there on how to control mistletoe. What do you recommend?

-          Question submitted via Sandoval County Extension Agent Lynda Garvin

Answer: For me, the control approach depends mainly on the kind of tree, how bad the infestation is, and if the mistletoe is reasonably reachable. In a nutshell: there are many species of mistletoe (over 1,500 worldwide) and, for the most part, each one is species-specific. That is, mistletoe on your juniper will never infect your cottonwood tree or vice versa. This is yet another in a long list of reasons that support diversifying landscape species in our gardens!

In a column about mistletoe lastyear, I explained that instead of roots, mistletoe develops root-like structures called haustoria that work themselves down past the bark and into the branches where they tap into vascular tissues to steal water and nutrients. This is why many people recommend removing mistletoe by cutting off actual tree branches to try to get as much of the infection out as possible. I’m afraid that when tree lovers try to prune out the mistletoe by cutting the tree limb they may be causing more harm than good. Remember, every pruning cut affects the entire tree and the larger the cut, the more damage.

Consider the level of infestation before taking action in your yard. Besides the injury from large pruning cuts, it may be impossible to remove all of the haustoria hidden in the trunk, especially in trees that have been infested for a long time. If the branch is swollen at the base of the mistletoe, there is a good chance the haustoria are already in the vascular tissue of the host plant and it will be much harder to remove all of the parasite. And you'll need to keep watch in the coming years to see if it grows back from that spot or another spot nearby.

A welcome holiday present gifted to me by Sara Moran Duran, Bernalillo County Extension Horticulture Agent, this is an example of an extremely swollen branch that’s infected with mistletoe haustoria. Photo credit M. Thompson.

I chatted with my predecessor, Dr. Curtis Smith, about this over coffee last month. He agreed that the damage from pruning may be worse than the damage caused by the mistletoe itself. Often, mistletoe is blamed for tree decline when really the trees were already aging and dying. Still, keeping infestations under control can help prevent further spreading to the same tree species nearby. We are both concerned that a broadleaf mistletoe that infects cottonwoods appears to be spreading further north along the Rio Grande each year. Although some species, like juniper mistletoe (Phoradendron juniperinum) and piñon dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium divaricatum), have always been around.

I learned all kinds of mistletoe tips and factoids when researching for this week’s column.

1)     Like pistachio trees, junipers, mulberry trees, and most cannabis plants, mistletoes are dioecious. Male flowers (producing pollen) and female flowers (producing berries with seeds) are borne on two different plants. You may not need to worry about seed dispersal if you have a male mistletoe plant. Although, male mistletoe plants can infect female mistletoe plants, so it’s not all cut and dried.

2)   The origin of the term “mistletoe” is not well defined, but may come from the German words “mist” (dung) and “tang” (branch) and be loosely translated as “poop on a stick.”

3)    Mistletoe seeds are coated with a natural “glue,” termed viscin that helps them stay in the tree long enough to infect the bark with their haustoria.

4)    A wide variety of birds feed on the berries of mistletoe, so it may provide important winter forage.

5)    While the whole plant, perhaps especially the berries, are considered toxic on some levels, medical research continues to explore the pharmaceutical capabilities of this strange plant.

6)    Juniper mistletoe (Phoradendron juniperinum) is one of our native mistletoes and was recently featured on the informative and interactive Native Plants of New Mexico Facebook page as the “Native Plant of the Week."

7)    Recent research suggests that mistletoe could be a keystone species in native forest ecosystems and some believe that finding native mistletoe in native trees should be considered a good thing because it could be proof of a healthy, diverse ecosystem and not a threat at all! 

March 2024 Updates: Quote from the abstract of a 2023 research article titled Returning mistletoe to an urban forest: a restoration success story: “Mistletoes have a fraught public relations history. Vilified as toxic tree-killing weeds, they have long been targeted for removal by arborists and forest managers concerned with tree health. Research on mistletoe ecology has revealed their positive influence on diversity and community structure via complex networks of interactions. In areas where mistletoe has traditionally been removed, managers are now asking whether these parasitic plants can return on their own or whether they should be reintroduced.” (Watson et al., Botany). Article link: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0069.

          And here are 2 more articles that might rock your world:

1) Article from 2020 titled "The bright side of parasitic plants: what are they good for?" https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa069

2) Article from 2022 titled "Mistletoes could moderate drought impacts on birds, but are themselves susceptible to drought-induced dieback" https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0358

 

If you’re surprised by any of these statements and want to learn more, click the embedded links in each of the listed factoids above and also check out these various extra resources:

• "Phoradendron in Mexico and the United States"
• "Pinyon Pine Dwarf Mistletoe"
• "Mistletoes – Pathology, Systematics, Ecology, and Management" Mathiasen (Northern Arizona University) 2008. 
• "Beyond the Kiss, Mistletoe Helps Feed Forests, Study Suggests" Mitchell 2012.
• "Distribution of Mistletoe"
• "Mistletoe Facts & Myths" 
• "Mistletoe Seed Dispersal"
• "Does mistletoe harm trees?"
• "The Myth, the Legend, the Parasite: Romance, Lore, and Science beneath the Mistletoe"

Go out and take a look at the trees in your yard. If you see new mistletoe sprouting up on small limbs (smaller diameter than your thumb and therefore prunable with loppers) that are reachable from the ground or using a pole saw, consider making a clean cut several inches below the visible site of mistletoe attachment. For tips on pruning dos and don’ts, visit https://nmsudesertblooms.blogspot.com and search “pruning.” If it’s too far up to reach safely, practice your lasso skills and see if you can knock off the mistletoe cluster without further injuring the tree or yourself. Either way, get a friend to record the adventure and tag @NMDesertBlooms when your video goes viral.

Native dwarf mistletoe on junipers near Abiquiu in December 2019. Photo credits M. Thompson.

   

Mistletoe visible way up in a cottonwood canopy (left) and frost-covered mistletoe that had fallen to the ground at the Los Lunas Riverside Park bosque in December 2019. Photo credits M. Thompson.

For more gardening information, including decades of archived Southwest Yard & Garden columns, visit the NMSU Extension Horticulture page (http://desertblooms.nmsu.edu/), follow us on social media (@NMDesertBlooms), or contact your County Extension office (https://aces.nmsu.edu/county).

Marisa Thompson, PhD, is the Extension Horticulture Specialist for New Mexico State University and is based at the Agricultural Science Center at Los Lunas.

Edible New Mexico Magazine article crosslink -- GROWING YOUR FUTURE FAVORITE TREE